The creation of the continents and oceans of the earth and the evolution of the earth's surface part-2

 The creation of the continents and oceans of the earth and the evolution of the earth's surface part-2

It is estimated that up to 40% of the world's continents were formed in the Archean Yen. At this time, some parts of the ancient crust of the earth were broken into small pieces, which are called microcontinents. They are so named because they are not as large as the continents.

Many parts of the world today, including Madagascar, Timor and Caribbean, are part of the past microcontinent. In recent times, satellite data has revealed that the deepest part of the Indian Ocean is also part of the ancient microcontinent. It is named Mauritius, which is about 1,500 km long and stretches from the Seychelles to the island of Mauritius. The study found that Mauritius rocks are about 2 billion years old (part of the Gondwana Continent) where the Indian Ocean was formed only 185 million years ago.

In the distant past, these continents were not as isolated as they are now. In the past, there was only one continent. Which is called the supercontinent. Geographical changes in the past history of the world have repeatedly created a number of supercontinents. In geological change it would break down, change into another supercontinent. That's the way it goes. Some such supercontinents are: Rodinia supercontinent, which was formed more than 1 billion years ago. The ocean that surrounds it is called Mirovia. Pannotia - which was formed 600 million years ago and was shaped like the English letter V. The first large supercontinent on Earth was called VaalBara, which lasted from 3600 million years ago to 2600 million years ago.

The last supercontinent created in the game of Bhangagarh was called Pangea. It was formed 300 million years ago today. At that time, present-day North America in Pangea was associated with Eurasia (Europe and Asia are collectively called Eurasia), South America with Africa, and Australia with Antarctica, and India in the region between Africa and Antarctica. The whole continent was surrounded by only one ocean called Panthalasa. It is also called the Proto-Pacific Ocean. Because the current Pacific Ocean has come from the middle of it.

Then 200 million years ago, due to the motion of the tectonic plate, it broke and split into two parts. This period is called the Cretaceous period. One part is located just above the equator along the east-west north and the other part is located south. The northern part is called Lorecia and the southern part is called Gondwana Land. Present-day North America and Eurasia belonged to Lauria, and South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia were part of Gondwana. And, the sea that is created between these two parts which separated them in two parts is called Tethys Sea.

Gondwanaland later split before Lorecia broke up. Gradually, South America moved away from Africa, forming the Atlantic Ocean between them, and the Tethys Sea continued to expand westward. As India moves away from its former position, it collides with the continent of Asia, elevating the point of conflict where the Tethys Sea used to be. That elevated part is what forms the present Himalayan mountains. Parts of the Tethys Sea merge into the Red Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Over time, the continent of Australia became separated from Antarctica. Lorecia was later fragmented, giving rise to North America, Greenland, and Eurasia. It is also thought that about 50 million years ago, all the continents were completely isolated, and the last present form was formed about 40,000 years ago.

Mountains were discovered at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in the mid-1950s, known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It stretches from Iceland to faraway Antarctica, which is about 16,000 km in length. Experiments have shown that the molten rock layer inside the earth is constantly pushing the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean upwards. As a result, the ocean floor is constantly expanding, moving the Americas away from Europe and Africa by about 2.5 cm per year. In this way, under the influence of subterranean pressure, the sea floor expands and moves in both directions, and the subterranean molten rock comes to the surface and accumulates in that place, creating a new sea floor. Many of us know the name of San Andreas Fault. This is also the result of the collision of tectonic plates. This fault is caused by the friction between the plate of North America and the plate of the Pacific Ocean, which is about 1200 km in length.